The name of my country is Republic of Macedonia and will be Republic of Macedonia
  Alexander the Great - Alexander Makedonski
 

Makedonija


Alexander the Great

Alexander

The Life of Alexander the Great
Alexander was born in July 356 BC in Pella in Macedonia, the area around the present day Thessaloniki (Solun) in northern Greece. Although at the time Macedonians considered themselves Greek, the Greeks themselves did not, and considered the Macedonians to be half-barbarian. Alexander's father, King Philip, had developed a efficient army based on revolutionary military improvements. King Philip conquered Greece in 338 BC.

Alexander's Great Victories
In 334 BC, less than two years after Alexander ascended the throne of Macedonia, he took his army to invade Persia. The Persian kingdom was a huge empire - stretching from the Mediterranean into India and had dominated the known world for over two centuries. But at the battle at the river Granicus Alexander decisively defeated a Persian army loyal to King Darius.

The following year, after Alexander had conquered much of what is now modern Turkey, King Darius went out to face Alexander on the battlefield. At Issus the Persian army, suffered a massive defeat. Alexander captured Darius' royal family which he treated with utmost respect.

Son of the Gods
Before invading central Persia, Alexander visited Egypt, where he was honoured as Pharaoh. The acclaimed oracle of Siwa supposedly acknowledged Alexander as son of Zeus-Ammon, the principal god to both Greeks and Egyptians.

Due to the delay it was 331 BC before Alexander and Darius met again at the battle of Gaugamela, where the hard fought victory of Alexander irrevocably changed the course of history. The capital of Persia fell into Alexander's hands and King Darius was murdered by his own army.

Coin with Bust of Alexander

To the Ends of the Earth
Now, with Persia conquered, Alexander and the army decided to march further eastwards. The next few years saw them occupying the northern fringes of the known world, battling rebellions and nomadic warriors in order to establish the new frontiers of their conquests. It was also a time of conspiracy and intrigue, in which some of Alexander's generals were accused of treason and were killed. The justification for these acts has always been questionable.

Continuing his conquests Alexander invaded India in the spring of 326 BC, winning a memorable though difficult victory over King Porus and his elephant corps. But the onset of the Indian monsoon and the deteriorating conditions of the expedition had ruined the morale of his armies. After consulting with his generals, Alexander agreed to return home. By this time Alexander's campaign had changed of character. The peoples of India were forced into submission by more violent methods than those used during the earlier conquests.

Coin

A King without an Heir
Alexander reached the mouth of the river Indus and part of the army returned to the new capital of Babylon. Many of the others, including the camp followers, perished in disastrous desert marches. Those who safely returned with Alexander had covered more than 32,000 km over a ten year period.

Back in the heart of his empire Alexander ordered a mass wedding between Macedonians and Persian women to reconcile the two peoples. The sudden death of his lifelong comrade and lover Hephaestion was a deep shock to him. Six months later, in Babylon, Alexander fell ill after a drinking party and died after ten days of high fever. It was June 323 BC. Though his first wife Roxane was pregnant with his first son, King Alexander left no heir.

Conclusion
Alexander deserved the title 'the Great' because he had changed military history forever. Prior to Alexander world civilisation was dominated by the cultures of Persia, Egypt and Babylon. This was the dawn of the military and cultural emminence of the western societies of the Romans and the Greeks. Many military experts still consider Alexander the most outstanding tactician and commander ever. The concept of 'god-king' which Alexander had embraced made its lasting mark on the evolution of Europe and even on Christianity.

Alexander, Corniola engraving, 1st century AD

The massacre of innocent peoples that happened during Alexander's campaigns is seen as repulsive through modern eyes. After the frustrating and brutal seven-month siege of Tyre - in modern Lebanon - he crucified 2,000 inhabitants. In India even the sick and elderly were mercilessly butchered. This sort of treatment of the vanquished was considered normal for the times.

On the other hand Alexander was a man with a vision who believed in the peaceful co-existance of different races within his empire. He had a chivalrous attitude towards the brave and the righteous, even if they were his enemy. Arguably, there is no one in history who could inspire and motivate his army like Alexander did.

 

2323-ta godi{nina od smrtta na makedonskiot car
Aleksandar III Makedonski (336-323 g.p.n.e.)

NEPOBEDLIVATA MAKEDONSKA FALANGA

        Pokraj monumentalnite arheolo{ki ostatoci na drevniot makedonski grad Stobi, vo impozantniot makedonski teatar na “gradot na stolbovite”, gradot na “Belata zora” (Bilazora) denovive se prisetivme na negovoto makedonsko kontinuirano postoewe od praistorijata do denes i vo ovoj “star grad”, kako {to go narekuva rimskiot istori~ar Tit Livij (59 g.p.n.e. - 17 g.n.e.) vo negovata “Istorija od osnovaweto na Gradot” vo 142 knigi, so povod ja odbele`avme 2.323 - ta godi{nina od smrtta na najisklu~itelniot dr`avnik i najgolemiot vojskovodec na stariot vek i na site drugi vremiwa Aleksandar III Makedonski (356 - 323 g.p.n.e.) - car na Makedoncite od 336 do 323 g.p.n.e. i najlegendarna li~nost na izminatite iljadoletija koja e prisutna vo literaturite na pove}e od 80 narodi na svetot od Anglija do Malajskiot Poluostrov.

        Najslavna epopeja
        Ovaa najslavna makedonska epopeja od vremeto na Filip II Makedonski (382 - 336 g.p.n.e.) i Aleksandar III Makedonski, koja neizbri{livo go proslavi imeto na Makedonija i na Makedoncite, i den-denes e me|nik na ve~nosta i so svojot trnovit, no bleskav pat n& zra~i nade` i svetlina za site {to se i {to se ~uvstvuvaat Makedonci.
        U{te vo 337 g.p.n.e. Filip II Makedonski, po bleskavata pobeda kaj Heroneja vo 338 g.p.n.e., uspeal da gi natera site gradovi - dr`avi~ki od Atika do Peloponez, osven Sparta, da ja priznaat hegemonijata na Makedonija, no najmudriot ma` na anti~kiot svet nikoga{ ne dozvolil tie da stanat nekoj konstitutiven element na Makedonskata dr`ava, odnosno na Makedonskata Imperija. Po negovoto kovarno (lukavo) ubistvo vo 336 g.p.n.e. za vreme na golemite sve~enosti vo Ege - najsvetoto mesto za pogrebuvawe na site makedonski carevi, negoviot sin Aleksandar III Makedonski najenergi~no interveniral protiv site sueti na takanare~enite elinski gradovi - dr`avi~ki, a osobeno na Teba, koja ja uni{til do temel, kako i protiv site obidi na Trakijcite, Tribalite, Getite ili Gitite, Ilirite, Skitite itn. {titej}i go integritetot na makedonskata vlast i zacvrstuvaj}i go prestolot na Makedonskoto Carstvo vo Pela.

 

Ovoj makedonski velikan i velikan na site slobodoqubivi i miroqubivi narodi na svetot ni ja ostavi neuni{tlivata filozofija na kosmopolitizmot, t.e. na zbli`uvaweto na narodite, mitologiite, kulturite, bogovite, religiite itn., a vo interes na rascutot i rasprostranetosta na makedonskata i makedonisti~kata civilizacija, koja denes se javuva kako supstrat na najrazvienite kulturi i civilizacii na svetot.

Glava na Aleksandar III Makedonski.
Delo od razvieniot makedonisti~ki period

 

        Zavr{uvaj}i go Makedonskiot univerzitet vo Stagira, toj dobil izvonredni znaewa od makedonskiot filozof i nau~nik Aristotel i so svojata neizmerna genijalnost, itrina, umnost i strategiska darovitost vo tekot na zimata 335-334 g.p.n.e. izvr{il temelni podgotovki, sozdal najmoderna vojska vo svetot, prisobral sojuznici, vrbuval naemnici, podgotvuval brodovi i se zapoznaval so voenoto delo i vojuvaweto. I pokraj te{kata finansiska sostojba vo koja {to se na{ol so dolg od 1300 talanti, bidej}i site finansiski sredstva gi vlo`il vo oru`enite sili, Aleksandar III Makedonski sozdal najgolema i najkvalitetna vojska vo pove}eiljadoletnoto postoewe na Makedonija i Makedoncite. Makedonskata vojska vo vremeto na genijalniot vojskovodec Aleksandar III Makedonski imala sevozmo`ni takti~ki kvaliteti i vo sporedba so evropskite i so site drugi protivnici na aziskite vojuvawa, taa i vo takti~ka i vo operativna smisla bila izrazito najnadmo}na, nepobedliva. Pa zatoa, ostavaj}i go iskusniot Filipov general Antipatar so 12.000 pe{adijci i 1.500 kowanici da ja ~uva Makedonskata dr`ava so prestolnina vo Pela, proletta 334 g.p.n.e. Aleksandar III Makedonski so 30.000 pe{adijci (19.000 te{ki, 9.000 sredni i 2.000 lesni) i okolu 5.200 kowanici (3.400 te{ki i 1.800 lesni) go preminal Elespont ili Helespont (Dardanelite) so okolu 160 triremi i mnogubrojni trgovski brodovi, se istovaril od Makedonskiot Poluostrov vo Mala Azija i trgnal da go spoznae svetot, baraj}i go krajot na svetot, osvojuvaj}i ja Mala Azija, Sirija, Egipet i Persija, stignuvaj}i do Ind i sozdavaj}i Makedonska Imperija so teritorija od 3,8 milioni kvadratni kilometri, rasseluvaj}i okolu 1.000.000 lu|e od Makedonija i Makedonskiot Poluostrov vo novoizgradenite okolu 80 Aleksandrii vo koi go zasea semeto na makedonskata tradicionalna kultura i makedonisti~kata civilizacija. Doblesta da se izbori da bide priznat kako nenadminliv, najgolem vo redot na najgolemite vojskovodci na svetot ja zdobil so hrabrost, znaewe i nenadminliva genijalnost na strateg vo takvi bitki kako onie kaj rekata Granik vo 334 g.p.n.e., kaj Is vo 333 g.p.n.e. i kaj seloto Gavgamela vo 331 g.p.n.e., primenuvaj}i ista genijalna “taktika na kosa formacija” izvojuval bleskavi pobedi nad pomnogubrojnata persiska vojska na Darij III Kodoman (335-330 g.p.n.e.).

 

Detaq koj go prika`uva Aleksandar III Makedonski vo bitkata kaj Is,
vo momentot koga Darij III Kodoman odlu~uva da se povle~e. Mozaikot e otkrien vo Pompeja, a e izraboten sprema makedonski original od okolu 330 g.p.n.e.

 

        Metodi~na i uni{tuva~ka strategija

        Voenite analiti~ari tvrdat deka Alensandar III Makedonski e pretstavnik na metodi~nata i uni{tuva~ka strategija; vo oblasta na taktikata koristel sodejstvo na kowanicata i pe{adijata - nepobedlivata makedonska falanga, a negoviot makedonski vojni~ki genij se zasnoval najmalku na 13.000 godini kontinuirana pismena tradicija na makedonskata civilizacija, na izvonredno {iroka makedonska op{ta kultura, koja mu ovozmo`uva da bide i strateg, i filozof, i lekar, i nau~nik, i graditel, i diplomat, i dr`avnik, i istra`uva~, i osvojuva~, i vizioner. Pri siot kosmopolitizam, genijalniot dr`avnik i vojskovodec, Aleksandar III Makedonski, sekoga{ se ~uvstvuval Makedonec i, kako {to tvrdat izvorite, nekade kaj Hirkanija pred elitnite makedonski korpusi od 20.000 pe{adija i 3.000 kowanica toj izjavil:

        "Jas svetot go osvojuvam za Makedoncite".

        Zamislata da sozdade novo svetsko op{testveno ureduvawe, kade site narodi, rasi, religii i kulturi }e se isprepletat vo ramkite na golemoto Makedonsko Carstvo so nov glaven administrativen, kulturen, trgovski, ekonomski, verski itn. grad, spored tvrdeweto na Heraklit i raska`uvaweto na Aleksandrijcite, "...po planovite na svoite arhitekti" i, "...sebesi na spomen osnoval golem mnogunaselen grad... i mu go dade svoeto ime”, - veli Plutarh. Aleksandrija pome|u ezeroto Marsot i ostrovot Far bila so arhitektonsko - gradograditelska kompozicija vo vid na makedonska hlamida, spored planot na makedonskiot arhitekt Dejnokrat Rodoski i pod rakovodstvo na gradeweto na Kleomen od Navkratis novata svetska makedonska prestolnina po~nala da se gradi pri krajot na 332 i vo po~etokot na 331 g.p.n.e. i s# do izgradbata na Konstantinopol Aleksandrija vo Egipet bila najva`niot centar na Sredozemnoto More, vo nea bila izgradena najgolemata biblioteka na anti~kiot svet, ~ij direktor vo III vek p.n.e. bil slavniot makedonski nau~nik Eratosten. Okolu I vek naselenieto na Aleksandrija broelo okolu 1.000.000 `iteli, a nejzinata povr{ina okolu 100 g.p.n.e. dostignala 891 hektar.

 

Olimpija - majka na Aleksandar III Makedonski

Filip II Makedonski (359-336 g.p.n.e.) - tatko na
Aleksandar III Makedonski

 

        Aleksandar III Makedonski vo sedummilionskiot Egipet bil edinstveniot {to gi imal dobieno site bo`ji po~esti izrazeni vo tri ranga i toa: kako Horus bil bog, kako “sin na Ra” bil sin na Gospod i kako “sakan od Amon” toj bil milenik na bogovite, odnosno izbran od Ra. Po osvojuvaweto na Egipet i negovoto proglasuvawe za faraon na Egipet, uspeal da gi osvoi site ~etiri prestolnini na Persiskoto Carstvo: Vavilon, Suza, Persepol i Ekbatana. Vo Suza go zarobi golemoto bogatstvo na Darij III Kodoman vo iznos od okolu 50.000 talanti vo zlato i srebro, a u{te so pogolemo bogatstvo se zdobil vo Persepol i Rasargada.
        Vo 331 g.p.n.e. takanare~enite Elini od Sparta so pomo{ na persiski “dariki” dignale vostanie protiv makedonskoto vladeewe, no iskusniot i odlu~niot Filipov general Antipatar go zadu{i vostanieto so pobedata nad Spartancite kaj Megalopol so {to mu ovozmo`il na Aleksandar III Makedonski da go prodol`i svojot pobedonosen od kon severoisto~nite pokraini na Darievoto Carstvo.
        Vo 330 g.p.n.e. Darij III Kodoman se zasolnil vo Medija, no uspeal da prisobere samo 6.000 pe{adijci i 3.000 kowanici, pa zatoa otstapil od Erbakana kon Baktrija i vo 330 g.p.n.e. bil ubien od negoviot satrap Bes, koj begaj}i od makedonskata kowanica i makedonskata nepobedliva falanga se upatil kon Istok. Vo 329 g.p.n.e. makedonskata vojska ja minala rekata Parapamis i vlegla vo Baktrija, a potoa ja minala i Oks (Amu - Darja), kade Aleksandar III Makedonski go fatil i go pogubil Bes, a potoa izbil do Jaksart (Sir - Darja) na severoisto~nata granica na nekoga{noto Persisko Carstvo kade ostanal s# do proletta 327 g.p.n.e.

 

 

        Otka`anata poslu{nost  

        Ostavaj}i silna vojska vo Baktrija, letoto 327 g.p.n.e. Aleksandar III Makedonski povtorno ja pominal rekata Parapamis so okolu 40.000 lu|e, me|u koi imalo i novi podanici, a vo proletta 326 g.p.n.e. go preminal Ind i kaj rekata Hidaspa go pobedil indijskiot kral Por. Vo periodot na tropski do`dovi Aleksandar III Makedonski go prodol`il svoeto osvojuvawe i istra`uvawe na Penxap, stignal do rekata Hifasa, me|utoa iscrpenata Makedonska vojska za prvpat mu otka`ala poslu{nost na makedonskiot car so pasivno odnesuvawe, koe se zakanuvalo da se pretvori vo otvoren bunt, ta zatoa naredil povlekuvawe nazad kon Tatkovinata. So novoizgradenata Makedonska flota makedonskiot car Aleksandar III Makedonski i makedonskiot admiral Nearh so eden del od Makedonskata vojska se spu{tile 1.600 km. po rekata Ind s# do nejziniot vliv vo Indiskiot Okean, kade stignale vo 325 g.p.n.e., a drugiot del na Makedonskata vojska pod vodstvo na makedonskiot vojskovodec Krater go sledele po kopno. Ottamu Krater so del od vojskata bil ispraten preku Arahozija kon Vavilon, a prviot makedonski admiral Nearh so Makedonskata flota bil ispraten na nau~na ekspedicija pokraj bregot na Persiskiot Zaliv, dodeka Aleksandar III Makedonski so glavninata na Makedonskata vojska trgnal preku pustinskite predeli na Gedrozija i stignal do Pura, ostavaj}i tri ~etvrtini od svojata vojska vo surovite pustinski predeli na Gedrozija, a vo dekemvri 325 g.p.n.e. se sostanal so Krater kaj Pasargada i vedna{ se upatil kaj Suza kade stignal vo fevruari 324 g.p.n.e.
        Vospostavuvaj}i go svojot avtoritet so prezemawe energi~ni merki, Aleksandar III Makedonski pristapil kon ogromni podgotovki za pohod na Arabija so cel da gi povrze svoite najbogati pokraini, Vavilon i Egipet. Vojskata i flotata ve}e bile podgotveni za pohod, no, spored edni izvori, na 10 juni, a, spored drugi izvori, na 13 juni 323 g.p.n.e. Aleksandar III Makedonski umrel vo Vavilon, kako posledica na bolest ili na postepeno truewe.
        Impozantnoto delo na Aleksandar III Makedonski e sozdadeno blagodarej}i na negovata isklu~itelna intelektualna i genijalna voena sposobnost, blagodarej}i na nadmo}nosta na nepobedlivata Makedonska vojska koja ja vodele isklu~itelno nadareni makedonski generali vo pohodot za osvojuvawe na svetot i vo najgolemata nau~na ekspedicija za zapoznavawe na svetot. Aleksandar III Makedonski e zaslu`en za {irewe na makedonska i makedonisti~ka kultura po isto~nite zemji so cel preku ogromnoto Makedonsko Carstvo so teritorija od 3,8 milioni kvadratni kilometri od Makedonija (Makedonskiot Poluostrov) i Sredozemnoto More do Ind i od Nil do Jaksart (Sir - Darja) da gi obedini mno{tvoto narodi, rasi i kulturi. Toj sozdal nova era za istorijata na ~ove{tvoto, obiduvaj}i se da ja obedini Zapadnata, t.e. Makedonskata kultura so Isto~nata kultura, sozdavaj}i nova epoha na makedonstvo i makedonizam, kade duhovnoto i intelektualnoto nasledstvo na Makedonija, kako mitolo{ka, predistoriska, istoriska i predbibliska zemja, na Makedoncite, kako najstar civiliziran narod na svetot, na makedonstvoto, kako supstrat na najstara pismena i druga tradicija na svetot, i na makedonizmot, kako najprogresivno svetsko dvi`ewe so filozofijata na makedonskiot sinkretizam kako "pole za kulturen natprevar na narodite”, navleglo, gi so`ivealo i nad`ivealo site oblici na rimskiot `ivot i kultura postavuvaj}i gi temelite ne samo na novata Zapadna civilizacija, tuku i na celiot civiliziran svet.

 
 
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